[Data] Shirutoku Report No. 32 #Q-Learning

Create the rules with an R-Table and generate the predicted values of state-action pairs with a Q-Table! Introducing the Q-Learning algorithm.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ The most challenging aspect I encountered while developing programs was the implementation of algorithms. There are many interesting algorithms, and recently I had the opportunity to explore Q-Learning, which is a type of reinforcement learning related to machine learning. I created a program (Cheese Puzzle Simulator) to demonstrate it. Q-Learning is one of the algorithms in reinforcement learning and is utilized in various fields, from autonomous driving to fintech. In this report, I would like to briefly introduce the Q-Learning algorithm. For more details, please feel free to read on. 【Contents】 ■Challenges ■Explanations *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Other Software
• others

Be cautious of inductance that does not appear in the circuit diagram! A problem unique to the field of power electronics.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ This report introduces the circuit operation of power converters. A power converter is a device that converts the direct current (DC) generated by solar panels into alternating current (AC) for commercial power systems. As an example, we have included a configuration diagram that only describes the power circuit using a transformer-less method. Please take a moment to read it. 【Featured Content】 ■ About the circuit operation of power converters - Chopper circuit - Inverter circuit ■ Have you ever experienced issues where the device does not operate even though it was built according to the circuit diagram, or where the switching elements fail immediately? *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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Questions and Solutions! Key Points to Keep in Mind When Developing Waterproof Products

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ This report introduces the most frequently asked questions from customers regarding the development of waterproof products and their solutions. You may have come across the terms "waterproof specifications IPX5, 6, 7" in various product fields. Waterproof specifications have become a standard feature in smartphones, and as a result, the demand for waterproof functionality is increasingly expected across all consumer products. We provide answers to questions such as "What are the structural differences between waterproof and non-waterproof products?" and "What does the evaluation of waterproof products entail?" along with key points. We encourage you to read it. 【Contents (Excerpt)】 ■Question: What are the structural differences between waterproof and non-waterproof products? ■Question: I want to have a certain level of waterproof performance, but I prioritize design and production costs. In this case, what level of protection rating is achievable? ■Question: What does the evaluation of waterproof products entail? *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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The grounding (GND) of the antenna is important! Things to be careful about when designing an antenna.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ This report introduces the essential "antenna" for communication devices. We describe the characteristics of antennas commonly used in wireless communication devices. Our company provides support services to address improvements in antenna communication distance, so if you have any inquiries or would like to consult with us, please feel free to contact us. 【Contents】 ■ Antennas used in wireless communication devices ■ Grounding (GND) is important for antennas! ■ Be careful with the substrate when using pattern antennas! ■ Check the finish once the substrate is completed! ■ Pay attention to the area around the antenna! ■ Strategies for improving antenna communication distance *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Information and communication equipment and infrastructure

Promote development design! Custom measurement and interface circuits.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ This report introduces the use of "interface circuits" that make measurement convenient, which is being developed by the Custom Technology Division. Our company occasionally prepares highly versatile "interface circuits" as originals, and this time we are featuring one of those examples. Proposing solutions to our customers' challenges is a hallmark of our services. If you are interested, we look forward to hearing from you. 【Contents (Excerpt)】 ■ Providing services centered around custom measurement ■ What is an interface circuit? ■ Image of the configuration of an interface circuit (analog isolation circuit board) ■ Production board for the interface circuit (analog isolation circuit board) *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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By knowing the composition (types) of substrate data, you can prevent unexpected schedule delays.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ This report introduces the composition (types) of circuit board data. We provide a diagram outlining the general flow from circuit board design to manufacturing. Our company can convert Gerber data to our CAD data (CR5000BD) for design purposes when a revision of existing circuit boards is necessary, such as for the development of similar models or for discontinued parts (EOL, discon). If you need designs that utilize existing design assets, please feel free to contact us. 【Main Circuit Board Design CAD (Excerpt)】 ■CR5000BD (Zuken) - Circuit board CAD data file extension: .pcb/.rul - Cover data file extension: .phl/.phd ■CR8000DF (Zuken) - Circuit board CAD data file extension: .dsgn - Cover data file extension: fph/fpl *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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We respond to various inquiries from customers based on the experience and knowledge gained from previous design and evaluation.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ Our company is involved in the development of semiconductor package mounting technology and mounting reliability technology. We mainly focus on packages known as BGA (Ball Grid Array). In this report, we will introduce the daisy chain sample used for evaluating the mounting reliability of semiconductor packages. [Contents] ■ Daisy chain sample for identifying breakage points ■ Daisy chain sample for identifying breakage points - Case studies from customer inquiries *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

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If you have any concerns, whether related to new designs or production discontinuation, please feel free to consult with us.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ Power supply equipment includes electrolytic capacitors, photo couplers (optical communication devices), relays, and other components that must meet the product's lifespan requirements. There are many methods for verifying lifespan through lifespan calculations and electrical evaluations. This report introduces examples of electrical evaluations. [Contents] ■Electrolytic Capacitors ■Photo Couplers *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

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The method is super easy! Just search for Wi-Fi signals and display the obtained data on the screen!

★★Useful Information Report: Knowledge is Power★★ This report introduces a board called M5stack, which is equipped with a Wi-Fi module called "ESP32," along with practical examples of its use. The creation process is super simple: it searches for Wi-Fi signals and displays the acquired data on the screen. That's all there is to it. Please take a moment to read it. 【Contents】 ■How to Make a Simple Wi-Fi Checker ・Recipe *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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Key points to consider in power supply design! Here are some points for beginners to keep in mind when designing.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ The "power supply" is an essential component in electrical circuits. The "power supply" has functions such as converting voltage levels and transforming alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). Among these, I would like to talk about the frequently used "DC-DC converter." A "DC-DC converter" is a device that converts direct current into direct current at different voltage levels. While detailed design methods can be referenced in specialized books, this report introduces key points for beginners when designing. 【Contents】 ■ Key Points in Circuit Design *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

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How is a metal casing made? A brief introduction to processing methods and design techniques.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ Without further ado, I will talk about the metal enclosures I am currently involved in developing. There are various processing methods for creating metal enclosures, and the design techniques change depending on the processing method. This report briefly introduces the representative processing methods and design techniques for metal enclosures. [Contents] ■ Press bending ■ Deep drawing ■ Die casting *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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Why do optical semiconductors fail? Let me explain a bit more about failures caused by light!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ What kind of semiconductor failures come to mind when you think of them? First, you might think of damage caused by static electricity, right? Of course, optical semiconductors can also fail due to static electricity, but they can also fail due to light itself. In this report, we will explain a bit more about failures caused by light. [Contents] ■Failures Caused by Light *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

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Efficient power supply using SiC devices! A brief introduction to the types and features of diodes.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ By switching semiconductor materials from Si to SiC (silicon carbide), the breakdown voltage of Schottky Barrier Diodes (SBD) has improved, making them usable in DC/DC converters for PCS. While using SiC enhances performance, cost issues had previously hindered its adoption. However, in the past year or two, cost challenges have improved, leading to an increase in usage opportunities. This report will briefly explain the types and characteristics of diodes. [Contents] ■ Types and Characteristics of Diodes *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• DC Power Supply
• others
• Parts and Materials

The concept of distributed constant circuits is becoming necessary! An explanation of characteristic impedance and substrate design.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ In this report, we will introduce the "characteristic impedance (wiring impedance)" of printed circuit boards. With the recent increase in the speed of digital signals, the design of digital circuit boards now requires the concept of distributed constant circuits rather than lumped constant circuits, making it necessary to consider the characteristic impedance of the board in the design. So, how do we determine the characteristic impedance of a printed circuit board? [Contents] ■ Characteristic Impedance of Printed Circuit Boards *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

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"What is V2H?" "What can be done with V2H?" Published! An explanation of how to utilize electric vehicles at home.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ In recent years, our company has seen an increase in automotive-related business and is involved with V2H, a charging and discharging system for electric vehicles. V2H stands for "Vehicle to Home," which is an abbreviation for a system that allows the battery of an electric vehicle to be used at home. This report will introduce V2H. [Contents] ■ What is V2H? ■ What can you do with V2H? *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• DC Power Supply
• Batteries and Capacitors

Explanation of the types and uses of substrates! In particular, we will introduce the types of rigid substrates.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ The design values and finished values of wiring widths and layer spacing differ depending on the type of circuit board and manufacturing methods (such as subtractive methods, semi-additive methods, etc.). In this report, we will introduce the different types of circuit boards available. Additionally, WTI offers various types of circuit board design and prototyping services. Please feel free to reach out to us. 【Contents】 ■ Types of Circuit Boards and Their Applications *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

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It's important to be aware of thermal issues from the early stages of design! Introducing preventive diagnostics for thermal problems.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ The performance requirements for developed products are increasing year by year, leading to a more challenging thermal environment due to the need for thinner and smaller products and the addition of circuit functions (such as communication functions), which increase heat sources. In response, our company has decided to offer a service that identifies the presence of thermal issues and the difficulty of thermal design early in the design phase (thermal issue preventive diagnosis). This report explains "Product Performance Requirements and Thermal Issues" and "Contents of Thermal Issue Preventive Diagnosis." [Contents] ■ About Thermal Simulation ■ Product Performance Requirements and Thermal Issues ■ Contents of Thermal Issue Preventive Diagnosis *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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Introducing programming using OTA with ESP32 via Wi-Fi!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ The ESP32 is a microcontroller that incorporates Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, manufactured by Espressif Systems, a wireless chip maker based in Shanghai. OTA stands for Over The Air, which allows programming to be written via wireless networks such as Wi-Fi, mobile data communication, and Bluetooth. In this report, we attempted programming using OTA with the ESP32 microcontroller, and we will introduce the details of that experience. 【Contents】 ■ What is ESP32 ■ What is OTA ■ Boards Used ■ Writing the Program *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• System lighting and lighting control
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A suitable structural examination is necessary due to the mounted components and wiring density! An explanation of the structure of the substrate.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ This report introduces the "Structure of Circuit Boards." It includes topics such as "Classification by Board Structure," "Conductor Materials and Solder Resist," and "The Importance of Initial Considerations in Board Structure." Our company is also capable of supporting circuit board design from initial considerations, including board structure. Please feel free to reach out if you need assistance. 【Contents】 ■ Classification by Board Structure ■ Conductor Materials and Solder Resist ■ The Importance of Initial Considerations in Board Structure ■ About Flexible Circuit Boards *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Parts and Materials

Contents to be confirmed in structural evaluation! Explanation of drop tests and waterproof tests.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ This report introduces typical evaluations (drop tests, waterproof tests) conducted in the development and design of mobile communication devices. The drop test is the first test performed to confirm the strength of the casing. The waterproof test is based on protection ratings defined by IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) and JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards), and it is necessary to select a testing method that suits the product's purpose. In terms of structural evaluation, there are other tests such as pressure tests and key press tests, and WTI is capable of handling various tests. If you have any inquiries about what can be done, please feel free to reach out to us. [Contents] ■ Drop Test ■ Waterproof Test *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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It is also possible to reduce high manufacturing initial costs! Here are some tips for reducing the cost of printed circuit boards.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ Printed circuit boards are relatively expensive components among electronic devices, and depending on the quality of the design, the use of the board may change, which can affect costs. You may search for inexpensive board manufacturers overseas and consider adopting them, but the factors that have a significant impact on the cost of printed circuit boards are "board structure/layer count" and "board size." In this report, we will introduce tips for reducing costs, focusing on "board size." [Contents] ■ Tips for Cost Reduction on Board Size *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Parts and Materials

We are collaborating to solve our customers' problems by utilizing FPGAs!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ In this report, we will focus on addressing the discontinuation of parts using "FPGA." This is not about replacing the parts themselves with "FPGA," but rather introducing designs that implement measures for the discontinuation of LCD panel production using "FPGA." If you need designs such as "I want to perform data processing for high-speed serial communication with FPGA" or "I want to process signals from sensors with FPGA and transfer data," please feel free to contact us. 【Contents】 ■ Solutions with "FPGA"! *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Power distribution and control panels
• IT Control and Services

Introducing common questions regarding screw structures in waterproof design and points to consider during their examination!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ When designing for waterproofing, many people tend to focus solely on the gasket parts of the housing. In fact, the screw areas require even more attention than the main waterproof sections. This report discusses the screw structures in waterproof design and points to consider during their examination, addressing frequently asked questions. Please take a moment to read it. 【Contents】 ■ Services we have received inquiries about ■ Frequently asked questions - What specifications should be applied for waterproof screws? - What is the most important point to be cautious about when using waterproof screws? *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Waterproofing work
• Facility Design

Particularly frequent requests! Circuit board design for small, high-density implementations used in IoT devices and wearable devices!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ In WTI's circuit board design, we handle various types of board designs, including large-scale circuit boards, multilayer wiring boards, high-density mounting boards, and flexible printed circuits (FPC). One of the most requested designs is for small, high-density mounting boards used in IoT devices and wearable devices. To reduce the size of products and lower board costs, it is common to adopt BGA packages for microcontrollers and FPGAs. This report discusses 'BGA Board Design.' We encourage you to read it. [Contents] ■ About BGA Board Design *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Electrical Equipment Testing
• Facility Design

A structure in which electrodes are provided on the substrate, solder balls are formed on top, and are joined to the electrodes on the package side!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ In this report, we will discuss the analysis methods for "BGA packages." "BGA" stands for "Ball Grid Array," which is a type of package for integrated circuits (ICs). In simple terms, it is a surface mount package that has electrodes (lands) on the substrate, with solder balls formed on top to connect to the electrodes on the package side. For more details, please take a look. 【Contents】 ■ About BGA Packages ■ Dyeing Analysis ■ Cross-Section Polishing *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

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Automatic control with control programs! We are presenting the benefits of automatic control of measurement devices.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Can Benefit From★★ In this report, we would like to introduce the automatic control of measurement devices related to optical devices. To confirm the functionality of optical devices, multiple characteristics such as optical output, light sensitivity, and frequency characteristics are measured and evaluated. To evaluate these characteristics, a variety of measurement devices are used, including DC power supplies, temperature controllers, and optical component analyzers. For more details, please be sure to read on. 【Contents】 ■Automatic Control of Measurement Devices 　・Benefits of Automatically Controlling Measurement Devices *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

• Automatic Control Equipment
• IT Control and Services

Consideration to meet product specifications! Examples of component layout considering electrical characteristics are included!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ This report introduces considerations for component placement. It is rare to use a circuit board in isolation; it is more common to house it in a case or connect it to other devices. In component placement considerations, we first position components that cannot be structurally moved, such as connectors and switches. For other components, we proceed with the placement while paying attention to structural placement constraints (height limitations of components, areas where placement and wiring are prohibited). For more details, please take a moment to read through. 【Contents】 ■ Considerations for structural component placement constraints ■ Placement considerations taking electrical characteristics into account ■ Wiring considerations *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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Improved design quality of the circuit board! Published the design rule setting items for circuit board design!

★★Useful Information Report: Knowledge is Gained★★ This report introduces DRC. DRC stands for Design Rule Check, which is a function of PCB CAD that verifies whether the design adheres to the specified design rules and can automatically detect violations of those rules. The advent of PCB CAD has reduced labor costs and improved the quality of PCB design. While DRC is very convenient, it is crucial to correctly set the design rules for the PCB CAD to accurately identify rule violations. For more details, please take a moment to read further. 【Contents】 ■About DRC - Items for setting design rules in PCB design *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Drawing, tracing, CAD

Explaining the points to note for multi-channel automatic measurement! Using a switch expands the range of automatic measurement!

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ This report introduces the multi-channelization of automatic measurement. "Multi-channelization" refers to the process of enabling a measurement device that originally has only one channel to measure multiple points with a single trigger by continuing the switch circuit. With multi-channelization, challenges such as "wanting to automatically measure a large number of samples at once" and "unable to perform automatic measurement due to the need to switch connections" can be resolved. For more details, please take a moment to read through it. 【Contents】 ■ Multi-channelization of automatic measurement ■ Principles of multi-channel automatic measurement ■ Points to note for multi-channel automatic measurement ■ Conclusion *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Other measuring instruments

Implemented using a measurement method called feedback method! Introducing the basic circuit for measuring microcurrents.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ This report introduces the examination of microcurrent measuring devices. Previously, I created a microcurrent measuring device for work. There are various methods for measuring microcurrents, but the method used this time is called the "feedback method." I will explain the basic circuit of this method. For more details, please be sure to read on. 【Contents】 ■ Target performance of microcurrent measuring devices ■ Basic principles of microcurrent measurement ■ Determining the measurement range ■ Selection of OP amplifiers ■ Phase compensation capacitors ■ Conclusion *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Other measuring instruments

Essential thermal resistance of semiconductors for thermal analysis! Introducing typical thermal resistances and their formulas.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ In recent years, while products have been miniaturizing, thermal issues have continued to worsen, and we have seen an increasing trend in inquiries from customers regarding thermal analysis. The inquiries cover a variety of topics, but in this report, we will briefly explain the thermal resistance of semiconductors, which is essential for thermal analysis. For more details, please take a moment to read through it. 【Contents】 ■Typical thermal resistances and their formulas *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

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The thermal stress caused by temperature changes is greater than expected! It is important to consider expansion and contraction in design.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ In daily life, we don't often think about it, but when the temperature of an object changes, thermal expansion and contraction occur. The magnitude of this expansion and contraction varies depending on the properties of each material (coefficient of linear expansion). In this report, we will discuss the thermal stress that arises from this thermal expansion and contraction. For more details, please take a moment to read through it. 【Contents】 ■ Simple thermal warping calculation tool for laminated boards *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

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Explaining the basics of sensor control! If you're considering automating measurements, please give it a try at least once.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ When you want to "check characteristics while changing a certain parameter," "automatic measurement" is very convenient. In this report, I would like to briefly explain how to perform "instrument control" necessary for automatic measurement. For more details, please be sure to read on. 【Contents】 ■ Automatic Measurement / Step 1: Connect PC and Instrument ■ Automatic Measurement / Step 2: Prepare Control Library ■ Automatic Measurement / Step 3: Send Commands to Control the Instrument ■ Common Commands *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Other measuring instruments

A simple explanation using a MOSFET as an example! Introducing power cycle testing to evaluate durability.

★★Shirutoku Report: Useful Information You Should Know★★ Suddenly, do you all know about "reliability testing"? In brief, it is a collective term for various tests that evaluate the reliability (performance, durability, safety, failure rate, etc.) of a product. The main objectives are to confirm whether the performance meets the design specifications and to assess whether it meets market quality requirements. In this report, we will introduce one of the durability tests for power devices, known as the "power cycle test." For more details, please take a moment to read on. 【Contents】 ■ Short Power Cycle Test (Reference: JEITA-ED-4701/601 602) ■ Long Power Cycle Test (Reference: JEITA-ED-4701/603) *For more information, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Other services and technologies

Over 180 pages. Packed with answers to "questions you can't ask now" about EMI countermeasures and measurements.

"Development Design Tips PLUS No. 1" is a document that compiles explanatory comments from our engineers on various themes related to the design and development of equipment. It includes answers to "questions and doubts that you can't ask now" regarding EMI countermeasures, measurement, power supply, high frequency, and waterproof design. This document contains hints to promote development design. [Topics Covered] ◎EMI Countermeasures ◎Measurement and Testing ◎Power Supply (Power Electronics Design) ◎High Frequency Circuit Design ◎Waterproof Mechanisms *This document can be viewed via "PDF Download." Please feel free to contact us with any inquiries.

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All the answers to your questions in this one book! High-frequency components and shielding are explained clearly by the characters!

This document introduces questions and answers about high frequency. It includes know-how shared by our engineers on topics such as high frequency components (capacitors), shielding (electrostatic shielding), GND (ground), and what a Smith chart is. It is a book that provides easy-to-understand explanations through characters. 【Contents】 ■#026 High Frequency - About High Frequency Circuit Design Tips PLUS ■#027 High Frequency - About High Frequency Components (Capacitors) ■#030 High Frequency - About High Frequency Components (Resistors) ■#031 High Frequency - About High Frequency Components (Semiconductors) ■#032 High Frequency - About Pattern Design *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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Useful information about development design! We have published a wealth of know-how shared by our engineers.

This document introduces questions and answers regarding power supplies. It includes know-how shared by our engineers on topics such as "Power Electronics Design: Switching Devices," "Diode Selection," "IGBT Selection," "MOSFET Selection," "Electrolytic Capacitor Selection," "Film Capacitor Selection," and "Reactor Selection." It is a book that provides easy-to-understand explanations through characters. 【Contents (Excerpt)】 ■#021 Power Supply - Power Electronics Design (Switching Devices) ■#022 Power Supply - Power Electronics Design (Diode Selection) ■#023 Power Supply - Power Electronics Design (IGBT Selection) ■#024 Power Supply - Power Electronics Design (MOSFET Selection) ■#025 Power Supply - Power Electronics Design (Electrolytic Capacitor Selection) *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• DC Power Supply

Useful information about development design! Many articles on effective use of isolation amplifiers are included!

This document introduces questions and answers regarding measurement and testing. It includes know-how shared by our engineers on topics such as "Instrumentation amplifiers are convenient," "How to measure leakage current," "Effective use of isolation amplifiers," and "Aliasing and Nyquist frequency." It is a book that provides easy-to-understand explanations through characters. 【Contents (excerpt)】 ■#016 Measurement and Testing - Instrumentation amplifiers are convenient (current detection) - ■#017 Measurement and Testing - Instrumentation amplifiers are convenient (micro-signal detection) - ■#018 Measurement and Testing - Instrumentation amplifiers are convenient (can output based on references other than GND) - ■#019 Measurement and Testing - Precautions when using instrumentation amplifiers - ■#020 Measurement and Testing - How do you measure leakage current? - *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Other measuring instruments

We publish know-how shared by our engineers! Introducing misconceptions about waterproofing, waterproof standards, and inspections of waterproof equipment.

This document introduces questions and answers related to waterproofing. It includes misunderstandings about waterproofing, waterproof standards, and inspections of waterproof equipment, featuring know-how shared by our engineers. This is a book that explains these topics in an easy-to-understand manner with characters. 【Contents】 ■#050 Mechanisms and Enclosures – Misunderstandings about Waterproofing ■#051 Mechanisms and Enclosures – About Waterproof Standards ■#055 Waterproofing Related – Inspection of Waterproof Equipment ■#056 Waterproofing Related – Inspection of Waterproof Equipment (2) *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• others

T-type attenuators and N-type attenuators! Packed with know-how from our engineers.

This document introduces questions and answers regarding EMI countermeasure resistive attenuators (attenuators). It includes know-how shared by our engineers about T-type attenuators, N-type attenuators, π-type attenuators, and more. This is a book that provides easy-to-understand explanations by characters. 【Contents】 ■#076 EMI Countermeasures – Resistive Attenuators (Attenuators) – ■#077 EMI Countermeasures – T-type Attenuators – ■#078 EMI Countermeasures – T-type Attenuators Part 2 – ■#079 EMI Countermeasures – π-type Attenuators – *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• Other measuring instruments
• others

Impedance, undershoot, etc.! We publish know-how shared by our engineers.

This document introduces questions and answers regarding EMI countermeasures for transmission lines. It includes know-how shared by our engineers on topics such as the propagation speed of electrical signals, distributed constants, and lumped constants. It is a book that provides easy-to-understand explanations through characters. 【Contents (excerpt)】 ■#038 EMI Countermeasures - Signal Transmission Line Design and EMI ■#057 EMI Countermeasures - Transmission Line 1 (Propagation Speed of Electrical Signals) ■#058 EMI Countermeasures - Transmission Line 2 (Distributed Constants and Lumped Constants) ■#059 EMI Countermeasures - Transmission Line 3 (Impedance 1) ■#060 EMI Countermeasures - Transmission Line 3 ■#061 EMI Countermeasures - Transmission Line 4 (Overshoot) *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• others

Big can accommodate small / Guidelines for computer placement, including precautions for capacity variations!

This document introduces questions and answers regarding EMI countermeasures and bypass capacitors. It includes insights from our engineers on topics such as "A bypass capacitor is not a capacitor," "Larger capacitors can substitute for smaller ones," "The proper placement of bypass capacitors," and "How to enhance the effectiveness of bypass capacitors." It is presented in a way that is easy to understand, featuring character illustrations. 【Contents】 ■#010 EMI Countermeasures – A Bypass Capacitor is Not a Capacitor?? ■#011 EMI Countermeasures – Can a Large Bypass Capacitor Substitute for a Small One?? ■#012 EMI Countermeasures – There are Proper Techniques for Bypass Capacitor Placement ■#013 EMI Countermeasures – Beware of Capacitance Variability with Bypass Capacitors ■#014 EMI Countermeasures – Want to Enhance the Effectiveness of Bypass Capacitors? Here Comes Mr. R! *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

• others

About capacitor resonance! We publish know-how shared by our engineers!

This document introduces questions and answers regarding capacitors for EMI countermeasures. It includes information on the impedance of capacitors, the equivalent impedance Z when two capacitors are connected in parallel, frequency characteristics, and more. It is a book that explains these concepts in an easy-to-understand manner with engaging characters. 【Contents】 ■#066 EMI Countermeasures - Resonance of Capacitors 1 ■#067 EMI Countermeasures - Resonance of Capacitors 2 ■#068 EMI Countermeasures - Resonance of Capacitors 3 ■#069 EMI Countermeasures - Resonance of Capacitors 4 ■#071 EMI Countermeasures - Resonance of Capacitors 5 ■#075 EMI Countermeasures - Resonance of Capacitors 6 *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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Mechanisms of common mode noise generation! Insights shared by our engineers.

This document introduces questions and answers regarding common mode in EMI countermeasures. Starting with "What are common mode and normal mode?" it includes insights from our engineers on topics such as "The mechanism of common mode noise generation" and "Countermeasures for common mode noise." It is a book that provides easy-to-understand explanations through characters. 【Contents】 ■#015 EMI Countermeasures - What are common mode and normal mode? ■#028 EMI Countermeasures - The mechanism of common mode noise generation Part 1: Mode conversion ■#029 EMI Countermeasures - The mechanism of common mode noise generation Part 1 ■#033 EMI Countermeasures - The mechanism of common mode noise generation Part 2: Sequel ■#039 EMI Countermeasures - Countermeasures for common mode noise *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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Inductors and capacitors! Publishing know-how shared by our engineers.

This document introduces questions and answers about EMI countermeasure filters. It includes know-how shared by our engineers regarding inductors and capacitors. It is a book that provides easy-to-understand explanations by characters. [Contents] ■#047 EMI Countermeasures - Filters (Inductor Part 1) ■#048 EMI Countermeasures - Filters (Inductor Part 2) ■#052 EMI Countermeasures - Filters (Capacitor Part 1) ■#053 EMI Countermeasures - Filters (Capacitor Part 2) *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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Explanation of V-type power supply impedance stabilization circuit network and Δ-type power supply impedance stabilization circuit network!

This document introduces questions and answers regarding noise terminal voltage for EMI countermeasures. It includes know-how shared by our engineers on technologies such as V-type power supply impedance stabilization circuit networks and Δ-type power supply impedance stabilization circuit networks. This is a book that provides easy-to-understand explanations by characters. 【Contents】 ■#040 EMI Countermeasures - Conducted Emission (Noise Terminal Voltage) V-type Power Supply Impedance Stabilization Circuit Network ■#041 EMI Countermeasures - Conducted Emission (Noise Terminal Voltage) Δ-type Power Supply Impedance Stabilization Circuit Network *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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Useful information about development design! We will introduce answers to your questions in this one book.

This document introduces questions and answers regarding noise related to EMI countermeasures. It includes insights from our engineers on topics such as the three factors of noise radiation, accelerating countermeasures in simulations, and how to identify noise sources. The content is presented in an easy-to-understand manner with character illustrations. 【Contents】 ■#002 EMI Countermeasures - Why does noise occur? Question the contributing factors. ■#003 EMI Countermeasures - The three factors of noise radiation; implement countermeasures upstream. ■#004 EMI Countermeasures - To identify noise sources, understand frequency and use analysis tools. ■#005 EMI Countermeasures - Countermeasures in noise propagation paths involve filter insertion and ground improvement. ■#006 EMI Countermeasures - Aim for countermeasures that target the opposite direction of worsening. *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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The "Hotron Non-Contact Switch" allows you to open and close doors without directly touching door knobs or switches, making it hygienic! You can choose from two types: the "Hand Wave Sensor," which only requires you to wave your hand, and the "Foot Switch," which only requires you to place your foot at the entrance. It reduces the risk of virus and bacterial infections in places where hygiene is a concern, such as food factories, restaurants, hospitals, and nursing facilities. 【Features】 ○ Reduces the risk of virus infection by allowing door operation without contact ○ A wide variety of options to choose from based on application and location ○ Ideal for places where hygiene is a priority, such as food factories and medical facilities ○ Prevents unnecessary detection due to the switch mechanism 【Product Lineup】 ■ Hand Wave Sensor Series ○ Exposed waterproof type, front, down, and side-facing types "PF-R5" ○ Exposed type, front-facing type "PF-R1" ○ Embedded type, front-facing type "PF-U2" ○ Exposed type, downward wide type "PF-R4" ■ Foot Switch Series ○ Slim type with wide opening, vertical beam type "PF-01S" ○ Slim type with wide opening, horizontal beam type "PF-03S" ○ Standard type, horizontal beam type "PF-05" ◎ For more details, please download the catalog or contact us.

We have published a catalog of case studies that address issues such as "subjectivity of superiors" and "subjective evaluations" in promotion and advancement examinations. By utilizing case study-based assessments, we showcase successful examples of companies that have visualized employees' "thinking abilities" and achieved fair and convincing promotion decisions. There are numerous benefits, including the appropriate placement of talent and the revitalization of organizational culture. We also clearly present the changes and evaluation methods before and after implementation. ▼ Please download and view from the related catalog below 【Case Studies】 Case study-based assessments that realize fair promotion and advancement examinations.

The long-awaited energy industry event is coming soon! Grace Solar will be exhibiting at "THE GREEN EXPO 2025," the most influential renewable energy exhibition in Mexico, in two weeks. Please visit booth 2105! We invite you to see our innovative solar mounting solutions and not miss the following opportunities: ✓ Experience live product demonstrations ✓ Network with leaders in the Mexican solar industry ✓ Stay updated on the latest trends to improve project return on investment (ROI) Location: Centro Banamex, Mexico City, Booth 2105 Date: September 2-4, 2025

An LED display exceeding 77,000 square feet will energize a new venue in 2027. Brookings, South Dakota – April 21, 2025 – Daktronics, an LED lighting manufacturer based in Brookings, South Dakota, has been selected as the official large display partner of the Tennessee Titans and will manufacture and install 37 displays totaling over 77,000 square feet at the team's new Nissan Stadium, set to open in 2027. This will make the stadium one of the top three in the league for total LED square footage.

In the August 2025 issue of the monthly product information magazine "Mechatronics," published by Gicho Business Communications Co., Ltd., our servo motor Mini RC module has been featured. This servo motor is used in communication robots and other applications, characterized by high angular precision, quiet operation, long lifespan, and low backlash. It employs closed-loop control, allowing it to operate according to the commands specified by the user. Additionally, it continuously monitors speed, angle, and temperature during operation. Its compact size is 19.5×33×25mm. If you are interested, please feel free to contact us.