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This document presents an example of using the nanoparticle tracking analysis device, NanoTrack, to measure the particle size distribution of protein dispersion solutions with high precision and to appropriately evaluate the dispersion state. In the process of crystallizing proteins, it is a very important factor that the proteins are uniformly dispersed (monodisperse) in the solution. We encourage you to read it. 【Contents】 ■ Overview ■ Example of resolution measurement at ultra-low concentrations Sample: Ribosome ■ Transition of aggregation state due to concentration changes Sample: Lysozyme ■ Albumin measurement data (volume distribution) ■ Evaluation equipment *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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This document introduces the manufacturing process of UV lotion containing UV scattering agents as sunscreen ingredients, along with examples of particle size distribution measurements at each stage. Many cosmetics are emulsified formulations, and they are generally homogenized using surfactants to create a uniform oil phase-water phase (liquid-liquid system). Cosmetics have high added value and are produced in a variety of types and quantities that change with the seasons, which is why batch manufacturing processes are often adopted. [Contents] ■ Overview ■ Flow sheet of batch vacuum emulsification equipment and examples of particle size distribution measurements at each stage *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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This document presents the microtrack particle size analysis results of sunscreen products with different SPF and PA values. Sunscreen products are labeled with SPF and PA as indicators of their effectiveness. PA indicates the degree of protection against UVA rays, represented as PA+, PA++, and PA+++, with more "+" signs indicating greater effectiveness against UVA rays. [Contents] ■ Overview ■ Examples of high-resolution measurements of sunscreen samples with different SPF and PA values *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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This document introduces the measurement of particle size distribution of lunar soil from Apollo 11. The "Microtrack Particle Size Distribution Measurement Device" is useful for various research in the aerospace industry. Most of the particle size distribution measurements of lunar soil collected during the Apollo program were conducted using the sieve method, but there were issues such as long measurement times, large sample requirements, and doubts about the reliability of analysis data for submicron and nanoparticle sizes below 10μm, which are prone to dispersion and adhesion. This product was adopted to overcome these challenges. From the analysis results, it was confirmed that the particle size distribution of particles below 90μm measured by Microtrack showed a high correlation with the results obtained using the sieve method in 2001. *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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This document presents an example of evaluating the particle size distribution of "Clevios PEDOT/PSS," a representative conductive polymer. Conductive polymers are functional materials widely used in the development of next-generation products, such as touch panel films essential for modern daily life, dye-sensitized solar cells (organic solar cells) that can be installed in various locations, which were previously impossible with conventional solar cells, and organic LEDs used in lighting and displays. [Contents] ■ Overview ■ Measurement Samples ■ Evaluation Equipment ■ Measurement Results ■ Conclusion *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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This document introduces the evaluation of the surface characteristics of carbon black based on the differential adsorption heat using graphs and other materials. The heat generated during the adsorption phenomenon is referred to as "adsorption heat," which is accompanied by exothermic reactions. Adsorption is the sum of the "interaction between the adsorbate and the solid surface" and the "interaction between adsorbates," and this sum of interactions is represented as "adsorption heat." Therefore, adsorption heat is important for evaluating the solid surface characteristics of adsorbents. This adsorption heat can be evaluated using a calorimeter or determined from the adsorption isotherm measured at different temperatures (at least two points) using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation (Equation 1). *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

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This document introduces the evaluation of micropores in mesoporous Y-type zeolite using the CY method. The CY method (Cheng-Yang) expands upon the HK method and explains formulas calculated under the assumption of cage-type micropores in zeolites, along with illustrative diagrams of the "cage-type pore model" and "adsorption isotherms of Y-type zeolite." We encourage you to read it. *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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This document introduces the evaluation of micropores in mesoporous zeolites using the SF method, utilizing figures and graphs. The SF (Saito-Foley) method assumes cylindrical micropores and derives the relationship between pore diameter and relative pressure through an extended version of equation 1 from the HK method. The H+ type ZSM-5, prepared by heating NH4 type ZSM-5 (MFI type zeolite) at 535°C for 3 hours under atmospheric pressure, consists of aggregates of polyhedral layered particles around 200 nm, with slit-shaped pores confirmed between the particles. *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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This document introduces the evaluation of micropores of activated carbon AX21 according to the HK method, using figures and graphs. The HK (Horvath-Kawazoe) method and the SF (Saito-Foley) method are evaluation methods specifically for pore distribution in micropores. Horvath-Kawazoe assumes carbon slit-type pores and calculates the average potential experienced by adsorbed molecules within the micropores using the Lennard-Jones potential. *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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This document introduces the adsorption behavior of N2 and Ar molecules on Y-type zeolites with different SiO2/Al2O3 ratios, using images and graphs. It is said that N2 molecules, which have a quadrupole moment, strongly interact with Al cations in zeolites and adsorb (specific adsorption). From the N2@77.4 K and Ar@87.4 K adsorption isotherms, as well as their respective αs curves [relative pressure: p/p0 (horizontal axis), the amount adsorbed (V) normalized by the amount adsorbed at p/p0=0.4, V0.4 (V/V0.4): αs (vertical axis)], we will examine what can be evaluated using each adsorbate. *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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This document introduces the structural evaluation of activated carbon AX-21 using the αs method, utilizing graphs and tables. The αs-plot method (SPE method: Subtracting Pore Effect) allows for the evaluation of surface area and pore volume of various materials. The analysis results obtained from the αs-plot (surface area and pore volume of each pore) are equivalent to those from the t-plot; however, since αs (-) is dimensionless, it does not have constraints such as lower limits compared to the t-plot, which considers the thickness of the adsorption layer (t) in nm, allowing for a more detailed understanding of information at lower relative pressures (micropore information). *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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This document introduces the structural evaluation of mesoporous zeolite using the t-plot method (Application Edition 4) with graphs and tables. The H+-type ZSM-5, prepared by heating NH4-type ZSM-5 at 535°C for 3 hours under atmospheric pressure, is confirmed to be an aggregate of polyhedral layered particles around 200 nm in size, with slit-shaped pores between the particles, as observed in SEM images. The N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm at 77.4K for H+-type ZSM-5 shows hysteresis that closes at p/p0=0.43, indicating the presence of mesopores between fine particles. The adsorption isotherm is classified as Type I+IV, which also indicates the presence of micropores within the particles. *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

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This document introduces the structural evaluation of Y-type zeolite using the t-plot method (Application Edition 3) with graphs and tables. The N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm of Y-type zeolite at 77.4K is classified as Type I + IV, indicating the presence of micropores and mesopores. Based on this, we present the t-plot using the silica reference t-curve for this isotherm and summarize the results of the analysis of the surface area and pore volume of each pore. We encourage you to read it. *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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This document introduces the structural evaluation of mesoporous silica MCM-41 using the t-plot method (Application Part 2) with graphs and tables. The N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm of mesoporous silica MCM-41 at 77.4K is classified as Type IVb, indicating the presence of mesopores. When examining the t-plot using silica as the reference t curve based on this isotherm, an upward shift due to capillary condensation is observed, confirming the presence of mesopores. *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

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This document introduces the structural evaluation of activated carbon fibers using the t-plot method (Application Edition 1) with graphs and tables. The N2@77.4K adsorption-desorption isotherm of activated carbon fibers (kuractive: manufactured by Kuraray) is classified as Type Ia, indicating the presence of micropores. When evaluating this isotherm using the GCB as a reference t-curve in a t-plot, the slope of the t-plot changes sharply due to the filling of micropores, confirming adsorption on the external surface. *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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This document introduces various material evaluations using the t-plot method (basic edition) with graphs and tables. The t-plot method, devised by Lippens and de Boer, is a technique that allows for the determination of surface area and pore volume of various materials. By converting the adsorption branches of the N2@77.4K adsorption-desorption isotherms for non-porous quartz sand (a), high-silica zeolite with micropores (b), and porous silica Develosil with mesopores (c) using the reference t-curve of non-porous silica (SiO2), we will examine the respective surface areas and pore volumes. *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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This document introduces the evaluation of mesopore characteristics of mesoporous zeolites using the INNES method, accompanied by images and graphs. When analyzing the pore distribution of materials with mesopores from adsorption isotherms, it is essential to make assumptions about the pore shape. If the pore shape is cylindrical, the BJH method is used; if it is slit-shaped, the INNES method is employed. Similar to the BJH method, the INNES method uses the Kelvin equation to calculate the meniscus diameter and performs thickness corrections to evaluate the pore diameter. *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

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This document introduces the evaluation of mesopores in porous silica using the BJH method, utilizing graphs and other visuals. The pore distribution of mesopores, analyzed using the BJH theory (Barrett-Joyner-Halenda), is based on three assumptions derived from the adsorption isotherm. Due to capillary phenomena, the saturation vapor pressure of the adsorbate decreases within mesopores (macropores) at a given temperature, leading to the condensation of the adsorbate (= capillary condensation). 【Three Assumptions of BJH Theory】 ■ Pore shape is cylindrical ■ The meniscus is hemispherical with a contact angle of 0° ■ Correction for the adsorbed layer (thickness t) *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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This document introduces the evaluation of low specific surface area using Kr adsorption measurements. In the evaluation of low specific surface area materials such as non-porous metal materials, glass substrates, and low-k films, the BET specific surface area is evaluated from the Kr@77.4K adsorption isotherm instead of N2@77.4K. Why is this the case? The document also explains the applicable range. Please take a moment to read it. *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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This document introduces the reproducibility of pore size measurements using AFSM through graphs and equations. AFSM (Advanced Free Space Measurement, US Patent: 6,595,036) does not require maintaining a constant liquid level of refrigerants such as liquid nitrogen, allowing for actual measurements of free space changes that account for temperature variations during adsorption measurements and temperature changes of the refrigerant due to oxygen dissolution. Therefore, similar to specific surface area evaluation, it enables a more precise assessment of pore size. *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

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In this document, we introduce the improvement of reproducibility of BET specific surface area by AFSM using figures and graphs. The Free Space Continuous Measurement; AFSM: Advanced Free Space Measurement (patented) is a method that evaluates the amount of adsorption based on the free space measured in real-time during the measurement, without needing to maintain the liquid level of the refrigerants such as LN2 or LAr during adsorption isotherm measurements. By using the free space measured at each adsorption equilibrium point, it is possible to consider changes in room temperature during the measurement and changes in the temperature of liquid nitrogen due to oxygen dissolution, enabling accurate and highly reproducible evaluation of adsorption amounts. *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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This document introduces the evaluation of the BET specific surface area of activated carbon (Type I adsorption isotherm) using graphs and other materials. Activated carbon and zeolites with micropores typically exhibit Type I adsorption isotherms. When evaluating the BET specific surface area of these materials, the large curvature of the micropores and the constraints on the packing of the adsorbate prevent the formation of multilayer adsorption, thus invalidating the BET theory and leading to an underestimation of the specific surface area. This document explains the evaluation method for the BET specific surface area of such Type I materials. *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.*

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This document introduces the evaluation of the BET specific surface area of porous silica (Type IV adsorption isotherm) using graphs and other materials. The specific surface area (surface area per unit mass) of a powder with a certain mass increases with the presence of pores or when the particle size becomes smaller. This specific surface area can be evaluated using the BET theory based on three assumptions derived from the adsorption isotherm. In the case of Type II and IV adsorption isotherms, the BET equation is linear in the range of p/p0 = 0.05-0.3 (the relative pressure range where a monolayer is formed). 【Three Assumptions of BET Theory】 ■ Surface energy is uniform ■ There is no interaction between adsorbed molecules ■ The adsorption energy for the second layer and beyond is equal to the condensation energy *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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This document introduces information obtained from adsorption isotherms using graphs. The adsorption isotherm is represented with the horizontal axis as pressure (P) or relative pressure (p/p0) at a constant temperature, and the vertical axis as the amount adsorbed (STP: standard conditions: 273.15 K, 100 kPa). When performing specific surface area and pore distribution analysis, the horizontal axis is expressed as the relative pressure obtained by dividing the pressure (equilibrium pressure) at each measurement point by the saturation vapor pressure, resulting in a range from 0 to 1. At 0, it represents the state after pretreatment, and at 1, it indicates that adsorbed molecules are filled in all pores (saturation state). *For more details, please refer to the PDF document or feel free to contact us.

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